When We Read Capital Volume I By Karl Marx, It Can Certainly

When we read Capital Volume I by Karl Marx, it can certainly seem as though Marx was promoting an individuality in the worker and claiming the way people in a capitalist society behave is unnatural due to being constricted to the system of capitalism. This unnatural system then leads the worker and the capitalist to act in certain ways contrary to what is natural, this leading to an exploitative relationship between the two. However, this view of Marx’s belief neglects the fact that Marx himself equated the worker with economic categories, which are owned and controlled by industrialists and business owners. By exploring how Marx made it abundantly clear that â€Å"(The capitalist) proceeds to consume the commodity, the labour-power he has†¦show more content†¦The problem with those assumptions is that it fails to take into account how Marx consistently diminished the worker and dropped him to the level of a commodity. He makes this clear when he states, â€Å"à ¢â‚¬Å"(The capitalist) proceeds to consume the commodity, the labour-power he has just bought.† In this sentence, Marx is explicitly stating how the workers are not individuals, rather â€Å"commodities† that are used by their owners. According to the New Oxford American dictionary a commodity is, â€Å"A raw material or primary agricultural product.† With that definition in mind, if Marx wanted to humanize the worker, why would he ever describe them as a tool for the capitalists to use whenever and however they wanted? In addition to that, he states that when a capitalist buys the labor of a worker, the capitalist has the right to use him and his power in any way he wants just like, â€Å"a horse he had horse for the day.† It just shows that ultimately, Marx looked at the work as a vulnerable good, in an economic category, that could be used by its owner rather than an individual person. Furthermore, if Marx truly felt that the worker was not just a tool of the capitalist and actually a individual, he would not have stressed that once a worker enters the workplace, he is essentially owned by his employer. Specifically, he stated that, â€Å"From the instant he (worker) steps into theShow MoreRelatedThe Rise and Fall of Class in Britain9826 Words   |  40 Pagesall politicians. Yet it is also ironic (or mistaken), because it remains a generally held belief, not just in Britain but around the world, that class, like the weather and the monarchy, is a peculiarly and particularly British preoccupation. It certainly has been in recent years at 10 Downing Street. 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The Digestive System Free Essays

The human body consists of number of organ systems which work collectively to execute functions of the body. The three most important human organ systems are circulatory, digestive and endocrine system. The main function of the digestive system is to process food in such a way that the energy molecules are absorbed by the body and the residues are left out. We will write a custom essay sample on The Digestive System or any similar topic only for you Order Now The physiological processes which are required for the digestive system are absorption, digestion, motility, secretion and excretion (Margaret E. Smith, 2001) Digestive System: Digestive system helps the body to maintain stability, equilibrium or balance. Digestive system contributes in homeostatic regulation of the body. The body would suffer if there is no regular supply of energy and nutrients from digestive system. The digestive system helps in absorption of ions, vitamins, organic substances and water that is necessary to the body. When the food is chewed and swallowed, the food is broken down in the digestive tract to very small nutrient molecules which can be easy to enter into the villi of small intestine. (Rebecca L. Johnson, 2004) Digestive enzymes are formed by the pancreas and the digestive tract. Besides this, the liver produces bile which is stored in the gall bladder to digest the fats. By the use of hepatic portal vein, blood passes from smaller intestine to the liver i. e. , in to the circulatory system. The liver is the vital organ of homeostasis and it monitors the blood. The liver produces urea by breaking down toxic substances like alcohol and other drugs. After eating, the liver stores glucose as glycogen and produces plasma proteins. Liver keeps the blood glucose concentration constant by releasing glucose in between eating. This is how the digestive system works along with the other systems which include circulatory system. Organs in the Digestive system: There are several organs in the digestive system. The digestive system can be divided in to two systems. They are upper gastrointestinal tract and lower gastrointestinal tract. The upper gastrointestinal tract consists of several organs like mouth, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus and stomach. The lower gastrointestinal tract consists of small intestine, ileum, large intestine, anus and rectum. (Cheryl Jakab, 2007) The functions of some important organs include Oral Cavity: The oral cavity or the mouth is the first part of the digestive system. It accepts food by way of ingestion. Here, the food will be broken in to smaller pieces and get mixed with saliva. Saliva helps as lubrication for the food particles. The oral cavity consists of different parts which are helpful in the digestive system. They are tongue and teeth. Small Intestine: The small intestine is about 35 millimeteres in length and grayish purple in color. The small intestine is the longer intestine which is six to seven meters long. The small intestine has the general structure of the GI tract. The small intestine consists of exocrine cells in the mucosa which secretes peptidase, mucus, maltase, sucrose, lipase, maltase and enterokinase. Endocrine cells secrete secretin and cholecystokinin. The process of digestion is completed by the small intestine. It absorbs the nutrients and sends the residue to large intestine. The gall bladder, liver and pancreas are important organs in the digestive system which is closely related to the small intestine. Small intestine is divided in to duodenum, jejunum and ileum. The small intestine helps in several functions such as hormone secretion, intestinal juice secretion, ninety percent absorption, forward propulsion of contents and it is the major site of digestion. Rectum: The rectum can be found in the lowest portion of the large intestine which connects to the anus and it is a muscular tube like structure. The waste is stored here and permits expulsion when pressure on the rectal walls is caused. Anus: The anus is formed by the surface layers of the body, skin and the intestine. The anus is the opening at the end of the digestive tract through which the waste matter is ejected from the body. There are many diseases which are caused due to the improper functioning of the digestive system. The most specific disease is the Ulcer. Ulcer is the disorder caused in the upper digestive tract. Ulcer can be developed in the duodenum, lower part of the esophagus and in jejunum. There are many causes for ulcer. Some of them include certain medications, infection and disorders caused by the over secretion of stomach juices. The symptoms of gastric ulcer include weight loss, feeling heart burn and indigestion and gastrointestinal bleeding. Most of the patients suffering from ulcer suffer from bleeding which results in vomiting blood, anemia or blood through rectum. How to cite The Digestive System, Papers The Digestive System Free Essays The Digestive System Why is it that 1 in 3 people perhaps even more regularly battles some kind of digestion problems? Understanding how the digestive system works will help to understand why digestive problems are so common. The digestive system is more than stomach and intestines. It is a system of organs that turns food into energy and is one of the most important functions the body performs. We will write a custom essay sample on The Digestive System or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are many reasons that cause so many people to suffer with digestive problems. Three of the most common reasons are the lack of knowledge of how the digestive system works, poor nutrition and undiagnosed medical conditions. Lack of knowledge of how the digestive system works is one of the many reasons that cause digestive problems. The digestive system is uniquely constructed to perform its specialized function of turning food into the energy and extracting nutrients necessary to sustain life. It does this by breaking down food into its basic nutrients, which include vitamins and minerals, fats, carbohydrates, proteins and water, before transporting them to the small intestine, where most of the nutrients are absorbed into the body. The digestive system takes place in the alimentary canal, a tube that runs from the mouth to the anus and includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, colon and rectum. The liver and pancreas also contribute to digestion, but are not part of the alimentary canal. Digestion begins in the mouth, where chemical and mechanical digestion occurs. Food inters the mouth and is chewed by the teeth, turned over and mixed with saliva by the tongue. The sensations of smell and taste from the food sets up reflexes which stimulate the salivary glands, saliva is produced by the salivary glands and is released into the mouth. Saliva begins to break down the food, moistening it and making it easier to swallow and contains a digestive enzyme called amylase which breaks down the carbohydrates (starches and sugars). One of the most important functions of the mouth is chewing. Chewing breaks the food into pieces and allows food to be mashed into a soft mass that is easier to swallow and digest later. Movements by the tongue and the mouth push the food to the back of the throat for it to be swallowed. A flexible flap called the epiglottis closes over the trachea to ensure that food enters the esophagus and not the wind pipe to prevent choking. Once the food is swallowed, it enters the esophagus, a muscular tube that is located between the throat and the stomach. Food is moved by peristalsis which pushes the food down through the esophagus to the stomach. The stomach is the widest part of the alimentary canal and acts as a reservoir for the food where it may remain for between 2 and 6 hours. The stomach has 3 main functions: to store the swallowed food and liquid; to mix up the food with various hormones, enzymes, including pepsinogen which begins the digestion of protein, hydrochloric acid, and other chemicals; and to slowly empty its contents into the small intestine. The wall of the stomach is impermeable to most substances, although it does absorb some water, electrolytes, certain drugs, and alcohol. At regular intervals a circular muscle at the lower end of the stomach, the pylorus opens allowing small amounts of food, now known as chyme to enter the small intestine. Most digestion and absorption of food occurs in the small intestine. The small intestine consists of 3 parts: the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. The small intestine has 2 important functions. First, the digestive process is completed here by enzymes and other substances made by intestinal cells, the pancreas, and the liver. Second, the small intestine absorbs the nutrients from the digestive process. The inner wall of the small intestine is covered by millions of tiny finger like projections called villi. The villi are covered with tinier projections called microvilli. The combination of the two allows absorption of nutrients to occur. Undigested material travels next to the large intestine. The large intestine is to remove water and salts from the undigested material and to form solid waste that can be excreted. Bacteria in the large intestine help to break down the undigested materials. The remaining contents of the large intestine are moved toward the rectum where feces are stored until they leave the body through the anus. The anus is the last part of the digestive tract. Accessory digestive organs which include the pancreas, liver and gall ladder are not part of the digestive tract or also known as the alimentary canal, but play an important role in the digestive process. The pancreas produces enzymes that help digest proteins, fats and carbohydrates it also makes sodium bicarbonate which neutralizes stomach acid. The liver produces bile, which helps the body absorb fat and it also regulates substances in the blood cells. The gallbladder store s bile until it is needed. The enzymes and bile produced by these organs move through ducts into the small intestine where they help breakdown food. The nutrients from the small intestine travel through the blood to the liver, which help process the nutrients. Digestive problems results from poor nutrition. Good nutrition is essential for maintaining proper functioning of the body systems especially the digestive system. Eating a well-balanced, nutritious diet and maintaining a healthy lifestyle are the best ways to prevent digestive problems and diseases (Lipski, 2005). The kinds and amounts of food a person eats and how the digestive system processes that food plays key roles in maintaining good health and preventing common digestive problems. Since the digestive system is responsible for breaking down food into nutrients that can be absorbed by the body and used for fuel, growth and cell repair. Good nutrition is essential for maintaining proper functions of the body systems. Generally, health experts recommend eating fiber to help prevent constipation and diarrhea. Reduce fats and oils which can slow down digestion. They also suggest drinking plenty of water which helps lubricate food waste so that it passes more easily through the alimentary canal, it helps soften stool which may prevent constipation. Water also helps dissolve minerals, vitamins and other nutrients, there by facilitating their absorption by the body’s tissues. Good nutrition is not only essential for maintaining proper function of the body systems it is also essential for maintaining homeostasis of the body systems. The body needs good nutrition for the body systems to properly function correctly. The digestive system does assist with homeostasis however; it can not accomplish it alone. All organs systems work together to maintain homeostasis. The digestive system provides the nutrients needed for the circulatory system. As the food moves through the stages of digestion (mechanical, peristalsis, chemical) it is broken down into simple water-soluble molecules that can cross cell membranes. Since the circulatory system is the transportation system of the body it transports wastes, gases, hormones, electrolytes and nutrients from good nutrition to and from the body cells. It also transports water to and from the tissues. So as these molecular-sized, water soluble particles pass through the cell membranes of cells in the digestive tract and pass through the walls of capillaries the nutrients are picked up by the blood for transport. Blood in the capillaries carries the nutrients to all the cells in the body. Red blood cells, White blood cells, and Platelets and Plasma all help to maintain homeostasis. Red blood cells transport oxygen and hydrogen ions throughout the body. White blood cells fights infections and platelets assist in blood clotting and the plasma transports the blood cells. None of these things can function without the nutrients supplied by the digestive system. Blood also maintains homeostasis of water, electrolytes and body temperature all by getting the nutrients necessary to function from the digestive system. The digestive system needs good nutrition to keep it functioning properly and all organs systems working together properly to maintain homeostasis. Undiagnosed medial conditions will cause digestive problems if left untreated and is one of the most common reasons that so many people suffer with digestive problems. Nearly everyone suffers from heartburn and indigestion now and then and these might be normal side effects of digestion, but when they occur often it might be signs of a problem and should have medical attention. Seeking medical attention or being seen by a medical doctor will help to establish if the heartburn or indigestion are from normal side effects of digestion or whether any mechanical factor such as a hiatal hernia or even silent ulcers of the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum maybe causing the digestive problems. A hiatal hernia and silent ulcers if left untreated could turn into a serious problem which can cause bleeding, pain, scarring and difficulty in swallowing and can cause a chronic condition with complications. Treatment of heart burn and prevention of its complications are almost always medical, not surgical procedures these days; and, if followed faithfully are very effective. Peptic ulcers is another serious problem that many people have and do not even know it, one might mistaken them for heartburn, indigestion and nausea. The pain and discomfort comes and goes and sometimes lasting for days or even weeks. An ulcer can be treated by medication and usually takes about eight weeks to completely heal. If left untreated it can cause internal bleeding and more severe damage that might need surgical repair (Monroe, 2000). The digestive system is a complex system. There is a lot of information that we know about this system and so much more that is still unknown. For example, for many years the American Heart Association has recommended taking aspirin to prevent heart attacks and strokes. Now, there appears to be a downside to taking a low dosage of aspirin daily. According to research taking a daily aspirin can cause serious problems in the digestive system. Research shows that people who take aspirin are at risk for excess gastro-intestinal bleeding or ulcers that perforate. So the question is does the risk balance the benefit? Through research they have found out that there are three factors that particularly affect developing gastro-intestinal complications they are the increased risk, male gender and ulcer history. All of those things are doubled when a person takes a daily low dose aspirin and the complications can be serious including death. In fact five to ten percent of people with these complications will die from it. Research has proven that the thing that is in aspirin that causes these problems is the same thing that prevents heart disease and the same prostaglandin changes are the ones that somehow enhance the probability of developing gastrointestinal irritation that can lead to bleeding, that can lead to perforation. So research has taught us that there is a high risk of developing gastro-intestinal complications including bleeding or ulcers that perforate, with the use of a low daily dosage of aspirin especially in the male gender and in those with a past history of ulcers. Through this research we still do not understand why the risk is much higher for the male gender than the female gender, that mystery is still unknown. Reasons that cause so many people to suffer with digestive problems are the lack of knowledge of how the digestive system works, poor nutrition and undiagnosed medical conditions. The most obvious solution to maintaining good health and preventing digestive problems would be getting to know the digestive tract and understanding how it works, maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle and seek medical attention instead of letting the digestive problem turn into something much worse. How to cite The Digestive System, Papers

Analysis of Metaphor in an Area Outside of Literature free essay sample

This is because o matter how time is viewed, whether its from a negative or positive point of view, it can be agreed that time is irreplaceable. Many individuals may say time is money. These individuals may be super motivated with a willingness to always do more. Time is viewed as limited, constantly racing, chasing and cherishing all at once. It is natural for them to remain calm, cool and collected when working under pressure. These individuals put their Jobs before family and by pass lifes opportunities, In hopes of attaining their highest potential. In an essay titled Advice to a Young Tradesman,Benjamin Franklin Is accredited for this metaphor: Remember that time Is money. He that can earn ten shillings a day by his labor, and goes abroad, or sits Idle one half of that day, thought he spends but sixpence during his diversion or idleness, it ought not to be reckoned the only expense; he hath really spent or thrown away five shillings besides (Benjamin Franklin, 1748). We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Metaphor in an Area Outside of Literature or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is important to be productive dally however, it is also important not place our wealth on how productive we are. The value of money in insignificant in comparison to the value of our time.An example of widely used metaphor is is a thief in the night. Although time isnt actually stealing a direct object, It is however a representation of a thief. Time is passing with every step we take, stealing our youth, the strut in our walk, the spring in our step and then eventually life Itself. Like a thief, life will come up from behind when least expected, take what It came for, then slip away before we even realize what has happened. The Bible Is quoted as saying For yourselves know perfectly that the day of the Lord so comet has a thief in the night (1 This. 12). Just like God has given us time it is Gods determination as to when he will take it away. , the music icon, sang about time. It was metaphorically named Time after Time. Ms. States the song originated and was named after a 1979 science fiction movie about a man who invented a time machine. In the song, she is breaking up with someone, maybe her first true love. She professes her love by stating she would be there forever. Time aimlessly drifts away from the ex-lovers. While one moves forward in life, the other is left behind.Because true love never dies, the promise to rescue each other at a moments call remains. The memory of their time together surpasses all time and stays forever in their hearts. Is forever really possible? Imagine promising someone time after time, only to become aware, after some time has lapsed, the promise of being there for someone at the drop off dime Is no longer an option. Although lovers may feel all they have is time, for me personally metaphor. This metaphor can be applied to almost every aspect of life. It is very clever, yet simple and to the point.It is used as an example of taking care of issues or life problems at the onset of their inceptions will save a lot of hassle. It is a metaphor that offers sound advice. I remember often hearing this quote from my grandmother. She would use this to imply that if work was done correctly the first time around it would save time in not having to go back and do it over. Where school is concerned you can apply this metaphor to studying at the last minute; hours before the work is due or the test is given, you are more than likely to fail.To sum this metaphor, completing a task that has to be done, even though you dont want to do it, saves time n the end. Lastly, is the metaphor Time is precious. The individual who believes this metaphor does not take time for granted and always tries to accomplish what needs to be done today because tomorrow is a new day. They cherish their time because it is valuable, never missing out on lifes opportunities and live their life to the fullest. They understand no matter the length of time we live tomorrow is not promised. Time should be spent sensibly to get the most in health, Joy, love and achievement.Their motto is take time for all things: great haste makes waste, Benjamin Franklin). Perhaps the reason time is so precious is based on the fact that more of any object can always be made, but making more time is impossible. Used symbolically, metaphors on time show our connection to time, sometime making time appear odd yet alluring. When time is lost, its lost forever. Time is invaluable and the most prevailing aspect to ones life. We grow in time, live in time and then die in time. Time cannot be escaped, and defines so much for people; it causes anxiety in some and a will to do more in others. Time in itself is abstract.

Reinventing Something Essays - In Search Of Excellence,

Reinventing Something This book is about Reinventing Something as you understand from its caption. I could not surprize much when I finished to read this very popular book because ; 1 The cases included in book to support theory were chosen selectively. I can show a lot of examples in contrary to the framework proposed in Osbornes book but none of negative examples were included. The book is very one-handed and does not project the facts correctly. 2 A distinction were not made in this book between public and private sector organizations and behaved as if both of them have the same principles and context. The relation of Public Management with democratic principles were ignored. Basically, this book is a public version of the book of Peters and Waterman - In Search of Excellence -. 3 The principles propesed in this book are accepted universal and thought as time and location-free. Cultural differences among countries were underestimated. Generalizations pervades the book. 4 This book is not based on a decent scientific research and so does not have an academic-quality. Overall, if you want to read this book because of its popularity, you should read it with other strong resources in the field of public administration and management. Some reference materials are indicated below... Mark Moore, Creating Public Value ; Norman Flynn, Public Sector Management ; Guy Peters, The Future of Governing Mythology

To Kill a Mocking Bird - Calpurnia essays

To Kill a Mocking Bird - Calpurnia essays Choose a character out of the novel; describe the characters personality and placement in the novel. - How does this character relate to the Finch family? - How does the Finch family feel about this character? - Why do they respond to the character like this? Calpurnia is the black maid to the Finchs in Harper Lees novel To Kill A Mockingbird. She is treated by the Finchs as if she were a Finch as they see her as a member of their family. She is a friendly person whom is helpful and caring to the entire Finch family. Calpurnia is seen by the reader as almost being a white person, even though her skin is black and she comes from a black family and background. Calpurnia has spent all her days working for the Finchs and she does her work in a happy yet serious way. She is happy to care for and teach the Finchs as she feels they too care and teach her. It appears to the reader that Calpurnia almost lives a double life; a white family member whilst working and a black woman at her home. She is seen by the reader to be clever and well educated, a thing that most black people of that time were not. Calpurnia is also seen to be quite strict and firm with the children, even though she is in actual fact being loving and compassionate. Even though Calpurnia lives half her life as a white, she still attends black church and has a close bond with all the blacks in the community. There are many reasons Harper Lee chose to put Calpurnia in the novel and position her in the way she did. Harper Lee wanted the reader to see how Calpurnia interacted with both whites and blacks in a similar manner. By having Calpurnia as the Finchs maid, Harper Lee effectively shows the reader that the Finch family are completely un-racist, unlike many of Maycombs residents. Another reason why Harper Lee positioned Calpurnia as t ...

An Analysis of Huntington’s disease

An Analysis of Huntington’s disease The disease that I have chosen for my research essay is most commonly known as ‘Huntington’s Disease or the scientific name for it which is ‘Huntingtons chorea’. Huntington’s disease is a Neurodegenerative disease that progresses over time, causing the death of brain cells usually in Your 30’s to 40’s. Huntington’s disease is hereditary and dominant, so if one parent has Huntington’s disease may inherit it. Huntington’s disease is named after George Huntington, who discovered it in East Hampton, Long Island in 1872. In those days, people that had Huntington’s disease were often thought of As devils due to the lack of understanding of the disease. In 1993, a group of investigators Discovered the gene that revealed the causes of Huntington’s disease. Huntington’s disease can start to show symptoms at any age, but usually later in life. It varies Greatly from person to person. Usually, the symptoms start out as very subtle changes, such as Changes in coordination, fidgety movements, trouble thinking through problems, and depression/irritability. It then progresses to move obvious and intense symptoms over time, only. To result in the inability to walk and speak, and intense fidgety movements People who are at most risk for this disease are people who have a parent or parents with Huntington’s disease. An offspring of an affected parent has a 50% chance of inheriting the disease. There is no way to prevent Huntington’s when you inherit it, so only the potential parents can avoid passing it on to their future children. This can be done by doing genetic testing prior to conceiving, or doing vitro fertilization. Someone is diagnosed with Huntington’s disease is mainly diagnosed through basic medical questions and questions about your family history, and tests which will show your motor skills, like reflexes, muscle strength, muscle tone, and coordination. A neurologist will also test your sense of touch, hearing, mental status, memory, mental agility, and language function as so on. Huntington’s disease is mainly treated by simply controlling the symptoms using medications, speech or language therapy, nutritional support, exercise, and physical therapy. Using blood samples, genetic testing, and prenatal testing are technological tests involved with diagnosing Huntington’s. These are usually the best methods of discovering the disease.

Advantages Of A Collaborative Role Among Organizations Essay

Advantages Of A Collaborative Role Among Organizations - Essay Example Collaboration is beneficial among organizations due to the results it yields for both organizations and their clients. Collaboration refers to the relationship between independent organizations that involves coming together to share in either resources or ideas. It often occurs when organizations believe they can accomplish more when together than when they are independent entities. Once organizations come together and work as one, they pose a threat to their competition. This is because; they work as one towards a common goal and do not have to compete against each other. It also increases the rate and speed of innovation for organizations that collaborate, as they share information and ideas openly. Collaboration, also, brings together organizations with different capabilities in regard to the resources they can access. Therefore, upon forming a cooperative relationship, they tend to advance their abilities and skills. From this, their competitiveness improves and so does their sur vival in the market. This is particularly so for organizations with fewer resources, but have immense potential to be successful once they work together with those who have resources. Collaborative roles among and between organizations are beneficial to all firms involved as they come together to lessen the risk incurred to any of them when working alone. Collaboration creates a safety net for all involved, as they can contribute to bailing each other out. Clients enjoy increased reliability from all organizations involved in the collaboration.

The Positioning School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Positioning School - Essay Example Through positioning school, the leaders of the organization will be in a position to know which business environment it is supposed to operate in and help in its growth by providing the necessary requirements (Demougin & Fluet, 2001). The market drive and the positional school of the organization shape the organization’s structure.When an organization gets into the market and doesn’t find the right market environment; there the possibility of it collapsing as it does not get to have its own structure it can operate through.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many concepts in competitive advantage in an organizational environment can be described in the five forces identified and described by Porter (1996). First, Porter (1996) discussed the threat of entrants. New organizations face some barriers to entry. These barriers may include capital problems and customer problems. F. X. Pounds, Inc. leaders did not experience these barriers because the company had a wide set client base so they did not have capital problems (Mulcaster, 2009). As a result of providing quality services, F. X. Pounds, Inc. leaders obtained loyal customers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The bargaining power of suppliers is the second force in Porter’s model (Porter, 1996). The strength of a supplier depends on the options has available to the customers. When there are many suppliers in the market and fewer customers, there emerges bargaining power. On the other hand, if there are few suppliers and many customers, bargaining power lies on the supplier's end.This bargaining power enhances tensions between the supplier and the customer. These companies; F. X. Pounds Inc, Miller Fuel, and A&F Group, in this case, study have many sources of suppliers. As a result, the suppliers have little bargaining power.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bargaining power of customers is the third force discussed by Porter (1996) in his model.

Automobile and Tucker Essay Example for Free

Automobile and Tucker Essay The movie, Tucker: The Man and His Dream, is the story of a man named Preston Tucker and takes place in the 1940s. Preston Tuckers dream was to design and build the greatest automobile ever made. At first, he began by bringing home drawings of his dream car, which was to be called the Tucker Torpedo. He showed the drawings to a man who would eventually become his partner, Abe. Initially, Abe doesnt like the idea of building a car, but he didnt know anything about cars. Tucker placed an advertisement in a magazine about his car, and the public became excited. The car would have an engine in the rear, a middle headlight that turned with the car, and a windshield that would pop out when the car was in a wreck. In the meantime, Robert Bennington, who was the CEO of Ford, became worried that the Tucker Torpedo may put Ford out of business, so Bennington made a deal with him to allow him to buy a plant to build the car in. This also gave Ford a reason to be involved in building the car. The deal stated that Tucker must make at least fifty cars in one year in order to keep the plant, and the first car needed to be presented to the public within sixty days. Abe invested $6,000 to help Tucker build the first car. On the day of the presentation, the car was built but had no engine. Therefore, they had some problems getting it on stage, but once it was on stage, the thousands of people who attended the presentation cheered. After that, Bennington announced to Tucker that he wanted to change the car. He didnt want the engine in the rear of the car, and since the ? Big 3, the three largest automobile makers in the US, were buying all of the steel, there was not enough for Tucker to buy to build his cars. Tucker protested the ? Big 3. A man named Howard Hughes, who owned a steel company, told Tucker about a helicopter company who needed to sell steel. So Tucker bought a helicopter engine and converted it to a car engine, and the car worked. After Tucker protested the ? Big 3, he was spied on by people who worked for the ? Big 3 companies. They accused him of not running his business properly, but it was not true. Abe got scared because he had already served three years in prison for bank fraud and did not want to get caught up in another mess, so he resigned. Then, there were commercials out that told the public that Tuckers car was built piece by piece from a junkyard. Eventually, the government started a full investigation on Tucker and charged him with fraud. Tucker lost most of his investors from this, and had already spent too much money trying to build the car. He did make all the cars, but he did not make the fifty car minimum in time and lost his plant. He was found not guilty of fraud, but after all the bad publicity, people no longer wanted the cars, and Tucker had lost a lot of money, so no more cars were ever made. Today, some of Tuckers Torpedos are still around; some are in museums, and some of them even still run. After watching the movie, I researched the Tucker Tornado on the Internet. One source, The History of the Tucker 48, at www. gizmohighway. com, says that the car actually had additional features not mentioned in the movie. In addition to the turning headlight, rear engine and the windshield that would pop out, the Tucker Torpedo also had more room inside the car and padded steering wheels and dashboards. Another source, 1946 Tucker Torpedo, at www.cybersteering. com, also says that Tucker applied for a $30 million loan before he was accused of fraud and that in 1956, Tucker died of lung cancer in Brazil while trying to build another car, the Carioca. I also found in the open letter from Preston Tucker, at www. tuckerclub. org, that this is a letter that Preston Tucker wrote to protest the other automobile companies and the investigations that eventually killed his company. In it he says that he actually had 1,872 Tucker dealers and almost 50,000 investors that put $25 million into his company. The definition of an entrepreneurship is a person who organizes and manages a business, assuming the risk for the sake of a profit. Preston Tucker started a company and wanted to build a car for Americans knowing that it would take a lot of money that he did not have. He organized and managed the business and assumed the risk of losing a lot of money for a lot of people. I think that Tucker was not treated fairly by his competition. New entrepreneurs like Preston Tucker should be given the same fair chance to build a business just like the others had to build theirs.

Are Safe-Haven Laws A Good Idea? Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Pap

Are Safe-Haven Laws A Good Idea? Debi Faris recently made the sad drive, again, from her home in Yucaipa, California, to the Los Angeles County coroner's office to retrieve the body of a baby boy who had been left by a dumpster. Ms. Faris, her husband, Mark, and others laid baby Jacob (who was named by the police officer who found the child) to rest in the Garden of Angels, a small portion of a local cemetery the Farises established for abandoned infants in 1996. With the help of donations, they bought 44 plots four years ago. Baby Jacob was the 45th abandoned child buried there, forcing them to look for new space among the tombstones. "I never thought in our lifetimes we'd use them all," said Debi Faris. Due to the increasing numbers each year of abandoned babies in our country, law makers are starting to pass laws designed to protect abandoned babies. According to a survey of media reports conducted by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 65 newborns were abandoned in public places in 1991, and that number rose to 108 by 1998. Experts can't explain why the number of abandoned babies is increasing, the only thing they see is that these people leaving their babies appear to be desperate and totally ignorant of what could be done for their babies. Babies are found alive, and sometimes dead in dumpsters, parking lots, woods, and rivers. In 1999, Houston, which leads the country in this phenomenon, reported 13 incidents in a 10-month period. Three of the babies were found dead. Many states have enacted or are actively considering new "safe-haven" laws to prevent such tragic abandonments. These laws allow a woman to leave her baby at a hospital, medical clinic, police or fire station anonymously, mostly with no... ... In the next year after the law going into effect, 33 babies were abandoned in Texas, most at hospitals, while 14 were left in dangerous situations. This year the number remains the about the same, but there were five cases reported in which women bore children elsewhere and then dropped them off at a hospital or firehouse. Three of those women said they had been prompted to do so by the law. I feel that these abandoned baby laws should be passed by every state. Saving just one more baby's life is all that matters. We shouldn't let babies continue to be thrown in dumpsters because people are worried about them not having medical backgrounds. The value of a baby's life is so much greater than the concerns arisen over the laws. The laws are well intentioned, and are the best way to help babies that are destined to be abandoned whether there are safe-havens or not.

How Christians put there believe of helping others into practise Essay

Helping others is a big part of being a Christian. One of the commandments is â€Å"Love thy neighbour†; so many Christians do what they can to help. Charities are a popular way of helping the poor. Both Christian and non-Christian charities provide a wide range of help for the poor and needy. Christian Aid was set up in Britain and Ireland at the end of the Second World War. Its main aims were to improve the quality of people’s lives, particularly those of refugees who were struggling to cope with the aftermath of World War Two. It also funded Churches to help repair damage caused by the war. Eventually Christian Aids work started to involve other countries. It now has an income of approximately à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½40 million a year, and there are forty churches in the United Kingdom and Ireland who are part of Christian Aid. Most of the money, which they make through door-to-door collections and donations from members of the public and various churches, is put towards development work to help people in the long term. There are many other Christian charities that help in different ways. The Church of England Children’s society helps children in need. The Hospice Movement helps terminally ill people live out there life in a relaxed, caring environment making the experience less stressful for the patient and the patient’s family. Another famous Christian organisation is the Samaritans which was set up by Chad Varah, a priest. Chad Varah set up this organisation because horrified to find out that 3 suicides took place every day in London. He believed that the best way to help someone who was contemplating committing suicide was to talk to them. He set up a phone in his church and advertised locally for advice for people who were feeling suicidal. Now The Samaritans deal with 2 250 000 calls a year Sir John Templeton is a famous charitable Christian. He grew up in a poor family on a farm in Tennessee. He was educated at both Yale and Oxford University and he became a financial consultant in New York. Throughout his life he gave 10% of his earnings (a process called ‘tithing’) to help the poor. Eventually he became very wealthy running a multimillion dollar investment company, where he successfully managed funds for over two million people world wide. In 1972 he started the Templeton prize to be awarded for progress in religion. The Templeton prize is now worth more than the Noble Peace Prize. Fifteen years later he was knighted for ‘services in philanthropy’. In 1992, he sold his investment company for $400 million. He still gives money to support projects around the world. George Macleod is another famous charitable Christian. In 1938 he set up a Christian community on Iona, an island off of Scotland. He found volunteers to learn building, stone masonry and carpentry skills and together they rebuilt Iona’s ruined abbey. After that he opened a centre to provide shelter for young people from across the world to live in a community. The people of this community cook, clean, garden and work away. When they are not working they pray. The people who live there feel it is better for everyone to share and live in a close community than be rich and not. Oscar Romero was born in 1917. He became Archbishop of El Salvador in 1977. When he took his post his meekness encouraged the corrupt authorities to take advantage and step up there reign of terror against the church; priests were murdered and tortured. When he witnessed the murder of a particular priest Romero began to think differently. He began to speak out against the government in his sermons. In March 1980 he was shot while speaking out against the government in a hospital chapel. He is seen as a great martyr, who took the greatest sacrifice for what he believed in.

Vikings Art and Culture

The Vikings Art and Culture At first thought of the Vikings, the comic strip â€Å"Hagar the Horrible† comes to mind. As this is probably not a good basis for reference, it still can give slight glimpse, if not a distorted one, of the Viking culture. As for Viking art, a more in depth search must be done, for â€Å"Hagar† was unfortunately not actually made by the Vikings. The Viking culture was a primitive one of agriculture, hunting, and fishing. Families lived on farms together and were a tight knit labor force. During sowing time, the men would all work together from before dawn until after dark to tend to the field, and the women would work on providing the daily necessities, such as food, clothes, and cleaning. The wife would also occasionally help in the fields, and the children would start helping out from a very young age doing their respective duties. There were less than five months of growing season in their northern climate, so the Viking husband of the farm would plant the crops and then look toward the sea. He would head out with his neighbors for a pleasant summer of pillaging in the south. Then, he would return in the fall in time for the harvest. His wife would control all affairs of the household until he returned. If he should not return due to an unfortunate accident, his wife would inherit the land, business, and any other wealth. The eldest son of the family would take over the family farm, and the younger sons would go out to find their own careers as they became of age, possibly Vikings. Family was very important to the Viking people; it was a powerful unit of protection. Much like today, families provided support and assistance, and it was to their family that a person owed their obligation. A close family bond is evident as husbands, wives, and children would erect runes in honor of each other; husbands to their wives, wives to their husbands, and children to their parents. Runes were decorated monuments with inscriptions and verses for their deceased family, much as a tombstone would be now, and were often placed in public places so that they would be seen. They also normally lived as a nucleic family, much like today, with the mother, father, and the children in the household. It was fairly uncommon to have extended family such as grandparents to live with them; most likely, because it was rare to live past the age of forty and most people did not enter the role of grandparent. As much as the Vikings were known as looters and pillagers, they were also formidable merchants. Many of their journeys were commercial and put them in contact with the farthest reaches of the world. Trade became a very important part of their culture. While there are many stereotypes of the Viking people, such as dirty, smelly, illiterate, drunkard savages most are probably misconceptions. While they probably were dirty and smelly after sailing across the sea and maybe did not bathe that often because of the cold weather, one can assume that it was for a purpose rather than just being ignorant. The notion that they were illiterate is wrong; they simply had their own writing system with an alphabet called runic. The letters were mostly made up of vertical and diagonal lines, which made them suitable for carving into wood. As far as the drunkard part, that is most likely the truest stereotype of them all. It is believed that the Vikings were very heavy drinkers. They would drink ale and mead, which is also called honey wine and made from fermented honey. Wine was something that was part of their trade voyages, as grapes did not grow in the cold Scandinavian climate. It is true that the Vikings pillaged many towns and killed many innocent people who came in their path, and while it was terrible, this description is coming from the people who were attacked and showing them in their worst light. In reality, a Viking was only a Viking while at sea, once he returned home there was no more pillaging. It was back to the farm, the family, and normal everyday life. So, were they savages? Yes, to certain people they were, but to others, no. The art of the Vikings was not really art in the sense of the word. There was no art for art sake; it was mostly applied art. Their skills were used to decorate items of daily use. Weapons and ships were intricately decorated, as were drinking vessels, runes, and jewelry. This proved their affinity for showing off their wealth and rank with whatever their possessions were. Most of the art that has survived is made of metal even though most commonly leather, wood, and bone were used. Their art was not naturalistic, but instead abstract. A common theme art was distorted and disfigured animals. Animals were a dominant subject, as they seemed to have an endless devotion to them as a source of inspiration. The gripping beast is one motif that started in the Broa Style; it is a strong, muscular animal that is shown full face with its paws gripping either itself or another nimal. The gripping beast is shown on the Oseberg ship along with two other animal motifs, S-shaped animals with ribbon-like bodies, and semi-naturalistic animals and birds. Being confronted with these images, one could not but be in awe of the energy of the decoration. Many different styles of Viking art have been identified, but no new style can be said to mark the beginning of the Vikin g age in Scandinavia, they grew out of the art styles of earlier centuries, the first being the Broa style, followed by the Borre, then the Jellinge, Mammen, Ringerike, and finally the Urnes. The styles all vary slightly, but still keep with the distorted animal theme. The art of the Viking age influenced many different cultures because of their worldly travels, and they have influenced our culture in a way that we may never comprehend. They have intertwined themselves into the fabric of so many different cultures, that many of us could be part Viking.

Joan Of Arc Was Born English Literature Essay Essay Example

Joan Of Arc Was Born English Literature Essay Essay Example Joan Of Arc Was Born English Literature Essay Essay Joan Of Arc Was Born English Literature Essay Essay and Jean Lemaitre. Her inquisitors frequently asked her trick inquiries and repetition inquiries in hopes to catch her. Their dirty fast ones did non trip her up ; she gave clever replies and remarks. This test was unjust and many paperss from the test were changed. The Judgess urged her to denounce her voices, but Joan stood by the Lord ( Stanley n.p. ) . Joan was declared guilty of enchantress trade and sentenced to decease. She would be burned alive on May 30, 1431 ( Kelly and Rogers 152 ) . When Joan was burned she was to have on a bag on her caput that read the words heretic , relapsed , deserter and idolatress ( Stanley n.p. ) . When Joan was burned on the Wednesday of May 30, 1431, God left her bosom unburned for such courageous bravery and fortitude. On June 7, 1456 Joan s test was overturned, go forthing her inexperienced person ( Heffernan 259 ) . Pope Leo XIII declared Joan of Arc venerable on January 27, 1894. Pope Pius X so continued by exhilarating Joan of Arc in 1909, and eventually Joan was to the full canonized by Pope Benedict XV on May 26, 1920. Joan was canonized by the same church that had burned her at the interest ( Kennedy ) . Joan of Arc is the patronne of France and the military, and her feast twenty-four hours is May 30 ( Kelly and Rogers 152 ) . I genuinely admire Joan of Arc s bravery and fortitude. She was able to make so many things at such a immature age and a limited life span. Could you imagine holding to forgive everyone for what they had done to you as you were approximately to be persecuted by them? She stood by the Lord and was threatened with anguish unless she denounced her voices, but she did nt! Having so much courage and bravery is so elusive, seting all of your religion and trust in voices that you hear. She genuinely is a sufferer and a courageous psyche.

Theory Bases and Theory Constructs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theory Bases and Theory Constructs - Essay Example Woodrow Wilson is viewed as the pioneer of public administration. Wilson made a distinction between political science and public administration. He asserted that public administration is a detailed systematic application of law. Before his distinction, public administration was regarded as a branch of political science. Frank Goodnow concurred with Woodrow and added that politics formulate policies and the administration executes these policies. Public administration has been largely taken as a science by related disciplines in the social sciences. Public administration encompasses study of people involved in managerial and administrative tasks in the various state organs. Theory bases are very important in reaching a discernible conclusion about a certain phenomenon. Public administration is conducted differently according to the various types and settings of organizations. Bureaucracy is evident in almost all organizations (Milakovich & Gordon, 2013) this gives rise to the application of the bureaucratic theory of administration. The theory was put forth by Marx Weber. He argued that, the core aspect of administration is determining who gives command to whom. Marx asserted that domination is common characteristic in an organisation. According to Marx, domination means the power relations between the ruled and their leaders. Consequently he added that legitimacy in exercise of power in any established authority is contributed by numerous beliefs in the organization’s setting. Domination brings about the need for administrative apparatus (Farazmand, 2002). For domination to be concurrent with its intended purpose, there is need to establish an administrative staff to execute demands and serve as a link between the leader (government) and led. Marx established certain constructs of domination; tradition, charismatic and legal domination. Legitimacy in traditional domination is brought about by inheritance, legal

The Rotana Hotels Management Corporation Research Paper

The Rotana Hotels Management Corporation - Research Paper Example Recommendations based on the Operations Management are given at the end of the report. The Rotana Hotels Management Corporation known as the Rotana Hotels’ basic philosophy is that ‘hospitality is a fine art. There is no way it can be learned; it has to be a way of life.’ Even though it is very simple, yet it clearly illustrates the fact that the aspect of hospitality is a part of every level of the organization and is the basic foundation to its standards. The Rotana Hotels Management Corporation known as the Rotana Hotels, one of the leading hotel management companies in the Middle East, was established in 1992, by a partnership between Nasser Al Nowais and Selim El Zyr, who were joined three years later by Nael Hashweh and Imad Elias. The Rotana Hotels Management Corporation started its operation as Rotana hotel in 1993 in Abu Dhabi. â€Å"Our vision is to be the Leading and Preferred Hospitality Management Company within the Middle East, operating Hotels, Suites, and Resorts. We have the expertise, the passion and the competitive strength to achieve this goal†. â€Å"We will identify and exceed the expectations of our Guests, Staff, and Owners through innovative and creative solutions, combined with personalized care to gain their loyalty. We will constantly maintain International quality standards complemented with traditional Arabic Hospitality†. The forecasting for hiring new staff at Rotana Hotels mainly depends on the increase in the number of branches or new extensions. This indicates that if Rotana Hotels is extending its existing operations then they would work on recruiting or promoting previous staff for the new positions available. Forecasting demand: According to the requirements of the operations and making use  of the trend analysis based on previous information regarding the experienced occupancy, Rotana Hotels is able to forecast the forthcoming needs of employment in every aspect by using both bottoms-up forecasting and to down forecasting.

Analyzing a firm's current financing choices Assignment

Analyzing a firm's current financing choices - Assignment Example Walt Disney is one of the largest entertainment companies in the world. It was founded by two brothers Walt and Ray in 1923 with an initial objective of being a cartoon animation network. Since then the company has grown to become one of the largest studios of Hollywood. In addition, this company is one of the Dow Jones industrial average components. Finally, the company has expanded over the years and currently it has a number of subsidiaries e.g. Euro Disney and Hong Kong Disney. (disney.com,2008) From the balance sheet, we find the company has a common stock of 3.6 billion authorized shares with a par value of $0.1. From the authorized 2.6 billion shares were issued on 29th march, 2008 and 29th September, 2007. This makes the value of the company’s equity to be $26.546billion. In addition, the company has a preferred stock of 100 million authorized shares with a par value of $0.1. Walt Disney has not issued any of its preferred stock yet. There are significant differences between preferred stock and common stock. They include; On the other hand, for Walt Disney to fully finance its operations it has to have long-term and short-term debts. The long term debts include differed income taxes, borrowings, minority interests, and other unspecified long-term liabilities. To maintain short-term cash flow the company also has the following short-term debts; account payables and other unspecified accrued liabilities, current portion of borrowings and finally unearned royalties and other advances. Walt Disney like any other big company in United States has treasury stock of 780.3 million shares by 29th march, 2008. This is the stock that has been repurchased by the corporation from the public. The stock must be issued first, purchased by the public and paid for subsequently reacquired by the corporation, and cancelled or reissued. Treasury stock is not entitled to participate in dividend distribution and finally it does not have

An Investigative Study on the Effectiveness of Incentive Remuneration Research Paper

An Investigative Study on the Effectiveness of Incentive Remuneration - Research Paper Example The research found that majority of the FSCs were inclined to like a larger time period for which incentives are calculated as this allows them to schedule work better. The research recommends that the organizations should have flexible options for incentives remuneration, should enlarge the amount of incentives available to the FSCs and should lengthen the time period to a quarterly period. Incentive remuneration has been traditionally used by organizations to motivate the employees to perform better and has directly been linked to the increased corporate performance (Murphy, 1985). Research has found that incentive remuneration leads to better revenue generation, better sales and overall better performance of the organization (Murphy, 1985; Bartol, 1999; Jordan, 2010). The advent of globalization and liberalization of the financial markets across the globe has resulted in an intense competition between the financial institutions – to not only profit from the business opportunities, but also to recruit and retain top talents. Retaining consultants have often been difficult for financial institutions in a competitive environment (Tan, 2009). This is also stated by Sigler (1999) in the challenges companies face in retaining productive performers. Retaining productive consultants are crucial for financial institution as they are the profit centers of it. However, incentive remunerations are not always embraced enthusiastically by all consultants (Schmidt, 2005). In many instances, management of companies painstakingly plan and set aside budget for such incentive, only to fail with the lack of participation from the employees. The problem that is detected by the researcher is that the employees in the financial institutions are not enthusiastic about the incentive remunerations, in spite of the great amount of time, energy and money that these organizations put in developing and managing the incentive

Apple Inc Market Analysis

Apple Inc Market Analysis According to Kotler Marketing is not like Euclidean geometry, a fixed system of concepts and axioms. Rather, marketing is one of the most dynamic fields within the management arena. The marketplace continuously throws out fresh challenges, and companies must respond. Therefore, it is not surprising that new marketing ideas keep surfacing to meet the new marketplace challenges. (Varadarajan, 2009) Product, price, promotion and place are factors that, within limits, are capable of being influenced or controlled. Marketing strategy can be viewed as reflecting a marketing mix of these four elements. (OShaughnessey, 1984). Market planning involves the logical sequence and a series of activities leading to the setting of marketing objectives and the formulation of plans for achieving them. Marketing tools are used in the realisation of market plans. This paper aims to critically evaluate how Apple Inc could use some of the main strategic marketing tools (Product Life Cycle, Ansoff Matrix, Boston Matrix etc) to develop and manage its products and product portfolios. Some of the advantages and limitations observed will also be discussed. 1.1: BACKGROUND OF APPLE INC Apple was founded in 1976 by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs with the aim of providing user-friendly computers to a set of computer hobbyists (David, 2007; pg 2-3). The first computer they made had no keyboard or power supply and they were able to sell about 200 of such computers which they called Apple 1 (International directory of company history, 2001). Later that year, they began working on Apple II with the intention of reaching a greater market segment. Apple II was a success and made more than $1 million in annual sales. Apple II stored information on cassette tapes and that made them very slow. Apple improved on this memory problem in 1979 with Apple II+ and made 400% more sales than that of the previous year. (International directory of company history, 2001) Apple III was launched in 1980 to break into the office market dominated by IBM. However, the computer was released without adequate testing and many of its unit were defective. Production was stopped and the problem was fixed but Apple III was not as successful as Apple II in the market and it was discontinued in 1984. (International directory of company history, 2001) The company forged ahead despite the failure of Apple III and released more than 40 software programs. It became the first personal computer to reach $1 billion in annual sales in 1982. (International directory of company history, 2001) Steve Wozniak left Apple in 1983 and John Sculley was hired to be the Company president. Steve Jobs was eventually forced out of the company too. Apple turned down Microsofts appeal for the license of their Macintosh operating system. Microsoft went on to develop DOS operating system which soon became the international operating standard for more than 90% of all personal computers in the world. (David, 2007; pg 2-3) Apple experienced a lot of problems with poor management and failed products over the next couple of years and its financial losses reached a staggering $1 billion in 1997. Its share price fell from $70 in 1991 to $14 and its lost majority of its market share. (International directory of company history, 2001) Steve Jobs returned as the CEO of Apple in 1998 and began making efforts to right all the wrongs that had been made over the years. He instantly forged a relationship with Microsoft which included the release of Macintoshs version of Microsofts popular office software (David, 2007; pg 2-3). He went on to eliminate 15 of the companys 19 products (International directory of company history, 2001) as they were not making profits. He introduced the iMac, a sleek and colourful computer in 1998 (David, 2007; pg 2-3). The iMac was a great success and Apples annual sale for that year was $5.9 billion. They experienced continuous growth and their stock made a 140% increase to $99 by the end of 1999 (International directory of company history, 2001). The iPod was introduced in 2001 and over 100million units has been sold. The iTunes online store was launched in 2003. It is a platform where people can download music and pay for it and it has gone on to become the biggest online music store recording more than 4 billion downloads. In January 2006, the Mac book Pro was launched (Anonymous, 2008). In January, 2007, the iPhone and Apple TV were launched and Apple Computer Inc became Apple Inc to accommodate its wide range of products (Anonymous, 2008). 1.2: THE MARKETING MIX According to Professor Peter Doyle, the selection of the target market and design of the marketing mix are the two key decisions that determine the success of a firm in a new market (Baker, 2007). Marketing comprises of a number of elements and the relationship/interdependencies between these elements is referred to as the marketing mix (Cartwright, 2002). The marketing mix is made up of four basic components that can be combined in a number of ways to achieve different end results (Baker, 2007) and these are Product, Place, People and Promotion. Only the product will be discussed in details for the purpose of this paper. 1.2.1: PRODUCT A product has been defined as tangible in the past but we are at the age where that definition is no longer adequate as it does not completely capture the whole essence of a product. A product is defined as a combination of both tangible and intangible properties for the sole purpose of customer satisfaction (Baker, Marketing Strategy and Management, 2007). A product is more than just the food a customer eats at a restaurant; it includes all the services rendered such as convenience, speed, mobility etc (Cheverton, 2004). 1.3: THE PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE A typical product goes through different stages in its life time and this is referred to as the product life cycle. This is illustrated with the diagram below: INTRODUCTION: The introductory stage is crucial to the life of a product. It is advisable for companies to invest a lot of money into advertisement at this stage to ensure they are able to make sufficient impact upon entry into the market (Cartwright, 2002). The rate of growth and investment at this stage is inversely proportional (Cheverton, 2004). GROWTH: There is a change in marketing strategy at this stage and the cost on advertising reduces as the customers are aware of the brand (Assael, 1985; Pg 308) resulting in a lot of market growth. A lot of sales are usually generated at this stage due to customer awareness. It is usually very good to be the first company to pass through successful unchartered water. However, as soon the success become obvious, other companies will wish to enter the market (Cartwright, 2002). MATURITY: This is the most profitable stage. However, the product is capable of little or no further developments. An effective marketing mix is essential for survival at this stage as competition becomes stiff and competitors will do anything to survive in the market (Baker Hart, Product Strategy and Management, 1999; Pg 97 100). There are too many players in the market at this stage and it is imperative for organizations to come up with new products or improvement on existing products (Cartwright, 2002). DECLINE: With decline in sales, impending death is inevitable and the company can either re-design the product or totally withdraw it (Assael, 1985; Pg 308). 1.3.1: ANALYSIS OF THE IPHONE FAMILY USING THE PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE Every once in a while a revolutionary product comes along that changes everything these were the words of Steve Jobs at the launch of the iPhone in January, 2007. Jobs had noticed an opportunity in the mobile handset market two years prior and set Apples Engineers in motion to develop the iPhone (Grossman, 2007) which was to save people the stress of carrying both an MP3 player and a phone and the cost of purchasing the two items. The iPhone marked Apples entrance into the mobile handset market. It combines the features of the iPod, smart phones and mobile computing into one device. The user interface is built around a new input technology called multi touch and the only physical button on the iPhone is the home key; every other feature is virtual (Honan, 2007). INTRODUCTION: The build-up to the introduction of the iPhone was second to none. It generated over 69 million hits on Google prior to its launch (Koeppel, 2007). The popularity translated to huge sales and Apple reported selling more than one million iPhones within the first quarter (Financial Statements, 2007). There were some mistakes with the marketing strategy for the iPhone and the obvious one was in the price slash just three months after its introduction (Vertygo Team, 2008). The early adopters were outraged but Steve Jobs made efforts to pacify them by offering $100 store credit that customers could use in purchasing at retail Apple stores or online (Mickalowski, Mickelson, Keltgen, 2008). GROWTH: Apple Inc introduced iPhone3G a little over a year after the first iPhone was launched. The iPhone 3G was compatible with 3G networks which translated into higher connection speed at half the price of the original iPhone, it promised better battery life and also included a built-in GPS (MacWorld, 2008). Iphone 3G was highly successful and Apple sold more than 11.6 million units of the handset (UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION, 2008). The sale of the Iphone expanded beyond the US and the company had a target of reaching 70 countries before the end of 2008. However, the contract with ATT increased by more than 10% from the monthly charge of the previous model therefore, even though the iPhone3G was cheaper, customers will end up spending more over the two-year contract with ATT (MacWorld, 2008). June, 2009 marked the launch of yet another iPhone this time the iPhone3Gs. The features include: Hands free control, longer battery life. It also included the soft ware iPhone OS 3.0, a new software capable of a lot of functionalities such as copy and paste, MMS etc (Vertygo Team, 2008). It had larger memory capacities and was again cheaper than the previous model. The product was well accepted by the market and Apple sold more than 20 million units of the iPhone and witnessed a growth of 78% from the previous year sale (UNITED STATES SECURITY AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION, 2010). In June 2010, the company again introduced a new iPhone; the iPhone 4. This included such features as face time (ability for callers to see each other while making phone calls provided they are both using the iPhone4), 5 mega Pixel camera etc. Building on the success of the previous iPhones, the fourth generation of the iPhone recorded an instant success upon its launch. The company declared more than 93% growth in its iPhone net and unit sales for the year ended September, 2010. This success was attributed in part to the huge demand on the iPhone 4 (UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION, 2009). ADVANTAGES OF THE PLC The PLC helps organizations plan and make allowance for the eventualities of products. The realisation that every product will die if not improved or modified in some ways, help organizations work hard at constantly improving their products. This fact is not lost on Apple Inc and the company strives to constantly improve on its products or add new features to its existing products. Apple Inc is probably the company that understands the importance of the product lifecycle the most and they usually replace their own product with a new product while its still in the growth stage (Average of a year after its launch). The strategy is commendable as it ensures that no competitor takes their position and their market share. DISADVANTAGES OF THE PLC A number of limitations were observed with the PLC and these are: It has no time limits associated with the stages. Thereby making it difficult to estimate exactly what stage a product is in its lifecycle. For instance, in the case of the Apple Inc, the iPhone 3Gs was still enjoying a lot of sales and the introduction of the iPhone4 could have been delayed for a couple of months more to milk the sales of the iPhone 3Gs to the maximum. It can cause a company to kill its own product prematurely because of the need to retain their position in the market. This could be seen in the case of the iPhone 3Gs; with the new iPhone 4, the decline of the iPhone 3Gs is imminent sooner rather than later. Even though every product will decline eventually, the PLC does not take the effect of technology into consideration. The lifecycle of the iPhone could be extended by constant introduction of new applications. Lastly, not every product goes through the stages in the life cycle as it is possible for products to go from introduction to decline etc. 1.4: RISK ANALYSIS USING THE ANSOFF MATRIX The Ansoff Matrix is a strategic marketing tool that proposes ways in which organisations seeking growth can come up with a strategy that encompasses risk analysis, directional policy, portfolio management etc (Lancaster Massingham, 1999); (CIM, 2003). The framework of this tool is shown below: The cells (Strategies) in the matrix are: MARKET PENETRATION: The market penetration strategy has the lowest risk involved and as such the easiest route to take. It involves expansion of sales in existing market and this can be achieved by expanding distribution channels, improving service performance, price slashes, increasing the frequency of usage etc (CIM, 2003); (Aaker McLoughlin, 2007). The most important aim is for a company to increase their market share. MARKET DEVELOPMENT: This is a strategy of growth based on entering new markets (countries) and targeting new segments (Aaker McLoughlin, 2007). PRODUCT DVELOPMENT: This strategy is based on developing new products for existing markets (Lancaster Massingham, 1999). DIVERSIFICATION: This is the most risky of all the strategies as it involves delving into a totally new market with a totally new product (WMG, 2010) 1.4.1: MANAGING APPLE INC PRODUCT PORTFOLIO USING THE ANSOFF MATRIX MARKET PENETRATION: Although Apple Inc is doing a fantastic job with this strategy; there is still ample room for growth and this can be achieved using the increase in product usage approach (Aaker McLoughlin, 2007). Apple could increase the iPhone usage by targeting the older people (50 years and above). They currently do not find the iPhone appealing because it lacks a keypad and as such, it will be difficult to use. A solution is to come up with an iPhone that combines all the current features of an iPhone with a keypad; an iPhone that displays a keypad when slid up might be a good place to start. MARKET DEVELOPMENT: One of the strategies Apple Inc can adopt in increasing its growth is geographic expansion (Aaker McLoughlin, 2007). There are still so many countries where the iPhone and iPad are not yet been sold. Acquiring more markets will translate to more sale and ultimately more market share. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT: This involves line extensions, developing new products for existing markets, expanding product scope etc. (Aaker McLoughlin, 2007). There is a huge problem usually encountered when using the Macintosh Computers to browse or download software as most vendors are not familiar with the operating system and this could be frustrating for users. It is important for Apple to bridge this technological gap by introducing a more compatible operating system and applications. DIVERSIFICATION: From Computers to MP3 players to iPhones to iPad; Apple Inc knows all about diversification and it has worked for them. Even though it is the most risky of all the growth strategies, if successful, the ROI (return on investment) could be huge. Apple recently entered the tablet market and they own 95% of the market share within just 6months of launching the iPad. ADVANTAGES OF THE ANSOFF MATRIX The Ansoff Matrix is very useful in coming up with a growth strategy for an Organization. Apple Inc explores all the possible growth opportunities and it has helped in their growth and expansion. It has also pointed out areas where there is still room for growth and expansion. LIMITATIONS OF THE ANSOFF MATRIX The limitation observed with the Ansoff Matrix is similar to those observed with the other tools. The tool is not exhaustive enough to be used alone in coming to a marketing decision and as such for effective use, it should be used with other tools such as SWOT analysis, PEST analysis etc. 1.5: PRODUCT PORTFOLIO ANALYSIS USING THE BCG MATRIX The Boston Consulting Group (BCG) matrix is a portfolio management tool that helps companies group their products based on the market growth and market share matrix (Kotler et al, 2008)as shown below: The matrix is divided into four segments namely: STARS: These are products with high market share in a high growth market. Their growth rate is rapid and hence, often requires a lot of investment. If market share is retained, they often grow into cash cows (Kotler et al, 2008). QUESTION MARKS: These are products with low market share in a high growth market. They are also referred to as problem children. They usually require a lot of money to maintain or increase their market share. A company usually has two options with such products; invest a lot of money to grow them into stars or just phase out the product (Doyle Stern, 2006). CASH COWS: These are products with high market share in a low growth market. They usually require low investments to maintain their market shares and as such, they usually generate the resources required to maintain other products that require a lot of investment (Kotler et al, 2008) (Doyle Stern, 2006). DOGS: These are products with low market share in a slow growth market and they are usually unprofitable (Doyle Stern, 2006). It is advisable to avoid or totally minimize the number of Dogs in a companys portfolio. 1.5.1: HOW APPLE INC COULD USE THE BCG TO MANAGE THEIR PRODUCT PORTFOLIO Apple has a range of products. The iPhone family and the iPad will be analysed using the BCG matrix. STARS iPhone 4 iPad QUESTION MARKS iPhone 3Gs IPOD Cash Cow FIGURE 1.5.1: Apple Inc BCG Matrix STARS: The iPhone 4 is currently the star product of the company as it experiences high market share in a high growth market (Mobile hand set market). The high market share it enjoys is largely due to the success of the previous models. It is very likely that the iPhone 4 will retain its market share for a while to come as there is currently no product in the market that combines all the features it has for the price it is available for. Another product of the Apple Inc that falls under this category is the iPad. Even though it was just introduced in April 2010, it has enjoyed a passive sale of 7.5 million units already (UNITED STATES SECURITY AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION, 2010) and the iPad accounted for 8% of the companys total net sales for 2010. According to Mintel reports, it owns more than 95% of the tablet market which shows that it enjoys high market share in a high growth market. QUESTION MARKS: The iPhone3Gs has lost a huge part of its market share to the iPhone4 and as therefore become a question mark (albeit in the early stages!). It will generate some cash for the company for a while to come mainly because of the reduction in its price. However, with the new iPhone 4 it is unlikely to grow into a star again and it is advisable for the company to phase it out eventually. CASH COWS: The iPod is the companys major cash cow. It has been around for a long time and enjoys huge market share. The growth in the market has reduced with a lot of gadgets that combine MP3 players with their other features. However, it requires little or no further advertisement as people are aware of it and will continue to buy it for a while to come. The resources generated from it can be used to fund other products in the portfolio. ADVANTAGES OF THE BCG MATRIX The major advantage of the BCG Matrix is that it helps companies determine their position in a market relative to their competitors. They can use the result from the analysis to determine what products to invest resources in and what products to phase out. For instance, knowing that the iPhone 3Gs has become a question mark will help the company focus more on the new iPhone4 and reduce the production and advertisement costs that would have been incurred on the iPhone3Gs. Also, the revenue realised from their cash cow (iPod) can be channelled to other products in their portfolio. LIMITATIONS OF THE BCG MATRIX However, there were some limitations observed with the tool. The matrix views each product in a portfolio as independent from each other. It is possible to have low market share in a high growth market (Question Mark) and still be profitable. This is seen in the case of the iPhone3. Even though it has lost its market leader position, it will serve more as a cash cow for the company for a while to come because it will continue to enjoy sales rather than instantly becoming a question mark. The matrix judges the performance of products using only growth rate and market share. This is not sufficient as there are a number of other factors that determine the success of a product in a market such as the marketing mix etc. A major determinant in the case of Apples iPhone is the ATT. Customers are not happy with the quality of their network and even though Apple is making profits on the phone; they could be making more if they were with a more preferred network. Therefore, the choice of network provider also impacts on the performance of their products. CONCLUSION The business environment has become highly competitive and it is imperative for any company entering the market to develop a strategic plan based on analysis of the market, customer needs etc. It is often a wise choice for an organization to have multiple growth strategies for their various products and product portfolios. Apple Inc Products and Product Portfolios have been analysed using the Product Lifecycle, Ansoff Matrix and BCG Matrix. Some advantages and limitations observed with the tools have been discussed and recommendations have been made in areas where there is still ample room for growth. There is no stand-alone or all sufficient marketing tool and the full potential of a tool can only be realised when used with one or two other tools. 2.0: THE MARKETING GAME The marketing game was about four companies vying for the number one position in a market that showed excellent room for growth and profit (word processing software). The aim of the game was to be the company that made the most profit after 5 financial years. As four companies were competing for the market shares and profits, it was important for each company to understand the market, the competitors and the market trends and use this understanding to come up with a strategy that will set them apart from the remaining three if they were to make profit and ultimately win the game. WORDSOFT3 Before any decision or strategy could be made, it was important to understand the different market segments and their unique needs and these are summarized below: THE MODERN STUDENTS: This segment consists majorly of college students who are not keen on the technicalities of the software but on the price. For this category, economy is the most crucial factor. THE HOME SCRIBBLERS: This segment consists of a mix of households who use the software for various purposes. This category of users prefers easy to use software and one which is not easily prone to errors. They are also a price-sensitive segment. THE HARRIED TYPISTS: As frequent (not necessarily expert) users of the software, members of this category want software that is easy to learn and use. Price is not a major factor for this category as they are usually not in the position to make purchasing decisions. THE PROFESSIONAL WRITERS: As professionals in their field, this segments primary concern is for software that can save them time and affords them special commands for advanced auditing and formatting capabilities. THE HIGH-TECH MANAGERS: Members of this segment are interested in the latest software and the number of capabilities they offer. They are motivated by social needs for status and esteem. Price is not of concern to this category of users. THE CONCERNED PARENTS: This category of users wants easy to use software that children can learn themselves. 2.1: YEAR 1 In the first year, WordSoft3 targeted the students and home scribblers and the product 10, 4, 3 was manufactured. The 4Ps of marketing (Price, Place, Promotion and Product) were employed in formulating the strategy for the first year. Emphasis was placed on Channel two since it was the channel students frequented more and as such fifteen salesmen were deployed to this channel against the five deployed to channel one. However, the retail price was erroneously set at  £136, which was higher than that for channel one.  £200,000 was spent on promotion and pioneering advertisement was used to raise general awareness about the software market. The Company did not fully utilize its budget and had money in excess at the end of the year. 30,000 units were requested however; only 20,716 units were sold out of the 24,000 units that were produced. Money was therefore lost on inventory transferred. Some of the decisions made paid off and Wordsoft3 made a profit in excess of  £500,000. However, this performance was dismal when compared to the performance of the other three companies and even though profit was made, the year ended on a sour note. 2.2: YEAR 2 The performance from the first year was analysed alongside the market research report and some errors made in the first year were highlighted as follows: Promotion is key in marketing and the amount spent on advertisement was insufficient. This affected the overall performance relative to the other companies. Sales performance was less than actual production hence, the company lost money for inventory transferred. The product was not achieving the desired result in the targeted segments and it was therefore important to re-assess the various segments and manufacture a more needed product. The price set for the channel two market was erroneously higher than that of channel one After careful analysis, it was necessary to re-strategise if Wordsoft3 was to become a Company to be reckoned with. The first step was to reassess the marketing mix (Product, Price, Place and Promotion) and determine what market segment to target and generally try and improve on the performance of the previous year. PRODUCT: It was obvious from the previous year performance that there was a need to manufacture a new product that will target a different segment of the market. It was decided that the typists and managers should be targeted since they made up 47% of the market and the new product 12, 6, 5 was manufactured to suit their needs. PRICE: The retail price was set at  £280 for Channel one since the majority of the target market shopped there and  £240 for channel two to attract students, home and parents. Even though the product was not produced to meet the specifications of the later group, it was decided that they will compromise on product if the price was right. PLACE: Fifteen more salesmen were employed and they were deployed on a ratio 20:15 to channels one and two respectively. PROMOTION: Advertisement will help inform potential customers and there was a chance they will become customers therefore, a loan of  £500,000 was taken from the bank and it was spent solely on advertisement. Indirect advertisement was employed. The decisions made paid off and Wordsoft3 made the most sales and performed well in more segments than anticipated. It sold all the units produced and it became the market leader in four out of the six segments owning more than 25% of the market share and it doubled the profit made in the first year. 2.3: YEAR 3 By the third year, the rudiments of the market had been understood and the decisions for the third year were easier to make. Slight modification was made to the product to be more suited to managers but not enough to deter the typists and writers from purchasing. In addition, the prices were increased slightly from that of the previous year. Thirteen more salesmen were employed and they were distributed evenly between the two channels to increase awareness for the product in both channels and their commission was increased to 8% which was more than the average been paid in the market. The percentage non-selling time was set at 20:25 for channels one and two respectively, thereby raising more awareness for the brand with personal marketing.  £43,000 was spent on sales promotion and  £550,000 was spent on advertisement and direct advertisement was employed to reinforce Wordsoft3 as a market leader. The retail price was set at  £289.77 for channel one and  £259.46 for channel tw o. At the end of the third year, Wordsoft3 made the most sales. It also went on to become the market leader in all the six segments, a feat that had not been achieved previously by any of the other companies. It owned more that 30% of the overall market share and made profit in excess of  £2,000,000. 2.4: YEAR 4 By the fourth year, Wordsoft3 had been able to carve a niche for itself as a reputable and trusted brand. The ease of learning was slightly increased and the product 13, 6, 6 was manufactured. As a result of the volume of sales of the previous year, it was imperative to employ more salesmen. Eight more salesmen were employed and they were shared at the ratio 30:26 to channels one and two respectively.  £500,000 was spent on indirect advertisement and  £14,000 was spent on sales promotion. Wordsoft3 maintained its lead at the end of the third year, selling more than 70,000 units. It made profits of over  £3million and owned more than 35% of the market share. 2.5: YEAR 5 For the fifth year, the price for the products was reduced to attract more consumers since the product has been in the market for a number of years and market research showed that it might be getting to its saturation stage in the product lifecycle. The price was therefore set at  £279.85 and  £250.36 for channels one and two respectively.  £500,000 was spent on advertisement and  £43,000 was spent on sales promotion. The game ended on a very happy note for Wordsoft3 and they totalled a cumulative profit of over  £10million and maintained the market leader position and market share of over 30%. LESSONS LEARNT In retrospect, the failure at the end of the first year was the launching pad for the success of Wordsoft3. It was evident that they needed to re-assess their strategy and determine whether it was strong enough to help them achieve their vision of being the market leader and the company with the most profit after the fifth financial year. They realised the need to better understand the market. The market research gave them the insight they needed to identify possible market opportunities and to focus their resources on it. More money could have been spent on advertisement in the first year. Marketing is all about taking risks

The novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, written by Samuel L. Essa

The novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, written by Samuel L. Clemens, whose pen name was Mark Twain, presents the evils of southern societies during the pre-Civil War period in America. The novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, written by Samuel L. Clemens, whose pen name was Mark Twain, presents the evils of southern societies during the pre-Civil War period in America. Clemens, a well-respected author, "began writing The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn in 1876 and, after several stops and starts, completed it in 1883" (19). This novel revolves around the theme of slavery versus freedom, and was published at a time when most southern landowners still "owned" slaves. Huck Finn is a novel that incorporates the struggles of a young boy, Huck Finn, with that of a cruel, careless world, on his travel down the Mississippi River in attempt at finding his own identity. In this essay, I will present textual evidence that proves that the Seven Deadly Sins are directly associated with the types of evil in the novel, making Huck's world one of violence, terror, and death. The Seven Deadly Sins will be discussed according to their significance throughout the novel, beginning with: 1.) Pride; 2.) Avarice and Sloth; 3.) Gluttony and Wrath; and 4.) Envy and Lust. Clemens' main character, Huck Finn, experiences a great deal of violence throughout the novel as a direct result of the most significant Deadly Sin, Pride. Huck's father, Pap, is a drunkard who continuously exemplifies the sin of Pride. Pap finds extreme Pride in the "white man" with the legality of slavery. An example of his Pride is seen when an inebriated Pap verbally attacks free blacks in the States. He states, "It was 'lection day, and I was... ...usion, the Seven Deadly Sins of Pride, Avarice, Sloth, Gluttony, Wrath, Envy, and Lust are significant in the novel with making Huck's world full of violence and death. The deadly sins committed throughout the work produce an undesirable life for society, and much less for a child of Huck's age. The wondrous adventure that Huck assumes he will take on at the beginning of the novel, becomes no match to the evils that the young boy will view on his journey. The Seven Deadly Sins are all directly linked to the evils that Huck experiences. Huck's eventful, yet horrific adventure becomes the base for which he is forced into manhood. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn takes the audience from "the endless summer of childhood pleasures.", found in Clemens' The Adventures of Tom Sawyer to the "violence, terror, and death that lurk at the edges of the village"(19).