The Ethics of Democracy by John Dewey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Ethics of Democracy by John Dewey - Essay Example Understanding also the types of government that emerge throughout history would help in appreciating the importance of the government. A government is made up of people who help the citizens every day. The people are part of teams who work hard in the community for the welfare of many. A government may run a town, a school and a country as it decides for the people it leads (Bedesky 4). Basically a government is not just the group spearheading the direction of a country because it may exist in smaller groups that lead the people like cities or even school organizations and companies. There are several forms of government: republic, democracy, monarchy, aristocracy, dictatorship, and democratic republic. Republic is like democracy but it exists in many people and the political system allows the citizens to elect the representatives for their government. On the other hand, democracy is similar to republic but the focus is on the rule by the people. It means that the power of the govern ment officials is granted by the citizens. Monarchy differs from both republic and democracy since the political power is vested upon the king or queen. In other places as shown by the history, monarchy may have an emperor instead of a queen or king. Normally the royal family has the wealth and total control over the land and people have less say regarding the politics of their place. Today monarchy does not exist as part of politics. Aristocracy is somewhat related to monarchy because the members of the royal family are wealthy and educated. Aristocracy is a more general type since it does not need to have a royal family as long as the land is dominated politically by the wealthy families. Dictatorship is somewhat like aristocracy wherein few people are dominating the government but in dictatorship, harshness is involved and the dominant figure can just be a single person. Some of the prominent dictators in history are Castro of Cuba and Hitler of Germany. Last in the list of the c ommon forms of government is the democratic republic. Typically people may say that it is democracy and republic combined, but in reality it is a form of dictatorship as North Vietnam called itself as The Democratic Republic of Vietnam and China as The People’s Republic of China (The Global Citizen). In the study, the essay of John Dewey regarding ethics and democracy would be tackled thoroughly. Since the concept of government had been laid down, it would be great to also give some introduction and basic information regarding the concept of ethics. Later on democracy would be discussed in detail and a brief biography of John Dewey would also be included to connect his experiences and works to his specific view regarding democracy. The concept of ethics is almost synonymous to morality as some people use them interchangeably. The origin of the word ethics can be traced back from the Greek word ethickos which means habit or ethos which describes a pattern of behavior. On the o ther hand, morality comes from the Latin word morales which mean social norms. The concepts of morality and ethics can be misleading as they are more than just patterns of behaviors and norms. Ethics can be separated into several divisions: meta-ethics, normative ethics and practical ethics. Meta-ethics is about the things associated with the terms right, good and virtue. The major purpose of meta-ethics is to analyze an ethical system. Normative ethics as its name shows it is about

Stat-Final Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Stat-Final Project - Essay Example In addition, study suggested that students showing higher GPA score have less chance of showing attention deficit disorder that is there is inverse association between GPA score and ADD score. A number of studies have attempted to examine the long-term progenies of the attention deficit disorder (ADD). Substantial attention has been paid that grade point average (GPA) score of the students are related with the attention deficit disorder (ADD) score, and gender and English level of students have an effect on grade point average score of students. Attention deficit disorder is associated with an increased risk for drug involvement and confers a poorer level of psychosocial functioning (Realmuto et. al., 2009). Therefore, it has a negative effect on students grade point average (GPA) score. This study will examine the relationship between GPA score and attention deficit disorder (ADD)-like behavior score. In addition, the effect of gender and English level (remedial, general and college preparatory English level students) on GPA score of students will be also analyzed and discussed. According to Howell, Huessy & Hassuk (1985), this study differs from most follow-up studies in two ways. First, it begins with a total sample of all children of a given age in number of schools, therefore, capable of comparing children who do and do not exhibit attention deficit disorder (ADD)-like behavior. Second, it deals with a predominantly rural and small-town population, whereas previous studies have mainly focused on urban populations. Participants were 216 students (54% boys, 46% girls) from one of 18 schools in northwestern Vermont. The schools were chosen in such a way to produce a reasonable cross section of rural schools within 40 miles of Burlington, VT. Age at first assessment, family background, racial/ethnic identity and other background variables were not assessed. All

Types of Modified Starch

Types of Modified Starch Native starches are structurally too weak and limited functions for application in pharmaceutical, food and non-food technologies due to its inherent weakness of hydration, swelling and structural organization. Unprocessed starches produce weak-bodied, cohesive rubbery pastes when cooked and undesirable gels when the pastes are cooled. To enhance viscosity, texture, stability among many desired functional properties desired, starch and their derivatives are modified by chemical, physical, and enzymatic methods. Modifications are necessary to create a range of functionality. Starch modification can be introduced by altering the structure and affecting the structure including the hydrogen bonding in a controlled manner to enhance and extend their application in industrial prospective. This modification includes esterification, etherification, cross linking, acid hydrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis heat treatment and grafting of starch. Modified starches can be found applicable practices in food industry and non-food industry. Various types of modified starches for wide applications in many industries Pregelatinized starch It is the simplest starch modification, prepared by cooking. It maintains starch integrity while providing cold water thickening which   is a process that breaks down the intermolecular bonds of  starch  molecules in the presence of  water  and heat, allowing the  hydrogen bonding  sites (the hydroxyl hydrogen and oxygen) to engage more water. Cross-linked starch Cross linking is the most important modified form that used in the food industry. It involves replacement of hydrogen bond present between starch chains by stronger, permanent covalent bonds. Distarch phosphate or, adipate are commonly used in cross-linked starch. Cross-linked starches offer acid, heat and shear stability over the native starch. Food with this type of starch processing tends to have longer shelf life. Oxidized starch The processing includes reaction with oxidizing agent such as sodium hypochlorite or peroxide. This type of starch is mainly used as surface sizing agent or coating binder and available in different viscosity grade. Oxidized starches have shorter chain lengths than native starches. It improves whiteness and reduces microbiological content. Oxidized starches are the best thickener for applications requiring gels of low rigidity. This improves adhesion in batters and breading. Cationic starch Cationic starches are produced by reacting native starches with tertiary  or, quaternary amines, using wet or dry production processes. They are mainly used in  paper forming process. Cationic starch represents high performance starch derivatives widely used by paper manufactures to increase strength and retention. Cationic starches carry a formal positive charge over the entire pH range creating their affinity towards negatively charged substrates, such as cellulose, pulp and some synthetic fibres, aqueous suspensions of minerals and slimes and biologically active macromolecules. Cationic starch is also added at the beater to improve drainage on the wire, better sheet formation, and enhancement of the sizing efficiency of an alum-rosin size. Anionic starch Anionic starches are prepared by reaction with phosphoric acid and  alkali metal phosphates or by making derivative with carboxymethyl group. Thinned starch These are produced through depolymerisation reaction by hydrochloric acid or other acids. Unmodified starches are treated with a mineral acid at temperature lower than gelatinization and results in partially hydrolyzed starch molecules. This cleaves the chain length and lower viscosity. It increases the tendency to retro gradation. The lower viscosity permits higher concentrations to be used forming rigid gels in gums pastilles and jellies. In these applications, increased set-back leading to the formation of strong gels gives these starches significant advantages over native starches. Extended applications in food industry are found by acid-thinned starch in conjunction with esterification and etherification reaction. Acetylated starch Acetylated starch (E1420)  esterification  with  acetic anhydride Starch after treatment with acetic anhydride produces starch esters which are useful in biodegradable applications. In particular, high starch acetates provide thermo plasticity, hydrophobicity and compatibility with other additives. The result of this treatment is a stability starch which will produce pastes that will withstand several freeze-thaw cycles and prevent syneresis (weeping) occurs. Wide applications are in foods as texturing agent and provide good freeze-thaw stability. Extended applications in food industry are found by acetylated starch in conjunction with cross-linked starch. Dextrin Dextrin  (E1400) is formed by  roasting the starch with  hydrochloric acid. Dextrination is the heating of powdered starch, mostly in the presence of small amounts of acids, at different temperatures and with different reaction times. Dextrin is used as adhesives in paper and textile based industry. Grafted starch Grafted starches are produced by free radical copolymerization with ethylenically unsaturated monomers. Starch grafted with synthetic polymers is most utilized   tarches from different botanical origins were grafted with 1, 3 butadiene, styrene, acrylamide, acrylonitrile and Meth acrylic acid using free redox reaction. Starch ethers Starch ethers are produced by a nucleophilic substitution reaction with an ethylenically unsaturated monomer, followed by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis for viscosity adjustment. Physically modified starch Native starch can be modified with mechanical treatment, using spray drying technique, annealing technique Enzyme modified starch Enzyme-treated starch which includes maltodextrin,  cyclodextrin Starch modified with amylase enzyme produces derivative with good adhesion property and mainly used in coating the food with colorant. APPLICATION IN FOOD INDUSTRY Frozen Food To stabilize the food products starches are used in frozen bottle foods to provide freeze-thaw stability and retrogradation. Flavor Encapsulation Modified starches are used to encapsulate or, preserve the flavour of the food products. Octenylsuccinylated derivatives and other starch hydrolyzates are used as flavour encapsulation. Dairy Products Modified starches are used in a wider way to the dairy products; it provides variety of effects, including enhanced viscosity, cut ability, mouth feel and stability. In puddings, starch is used to enhance viscosity and smoothness. Starches are used in yogurts and sour cream to control syneresis and enhance thickness. Canned Food Canning process preserves food for up to several years by achieving a temperature sufficient to destroy or inactivate food poisoning or spoilage microbes. Starch is most commonly used to thicken, stabilize and enhance the mouth feel of canned foods such as puddings, pie- fillings, soups, sauces and gravies. Highly cross-linked starches are used for this purpose.

Sex Change

The issue of sex (besides being a national obsession) is reasonably interesting from a psycoanalytic and existential perspective. A lot of what drives us is sexual energy (in line with what Freud told us). This so-called energy isn't explicit, but if you stop to think about questions like â€Å"Why am I here? † the â€Å"I† refers to you as a being and your sexuality is intimately tied with that. That â€Å"I† differs quite radically based on whether you are male or female. From a purely reductionist perspective, we are simply â€Å"ugly bags of mostly water† (to use a phrase from Star Trek) for our genes. The main reason we have sex is so our genes can last. The reason that there's sexual dimorphism (as opposed to having only females reproducing asexually) is so the gene pool can be enriched and it is thus capable of withstanding sudden changes in environment. This is actually the reason why there is sex in the first place, but having dimorphism means having a gene pool (thereby phenotype) that's more varied. The sociological perspective is somewhat interesting, but I think it's very irrelevant. In the end, the psychological (perhaps biological) dominates and therefore it it is the one I will consider. I have always wondered what it would be like to be female. I have wondered what it feels like to experience the menstrual cycle each month, to give birth, etc. My perception of what â€Å"I† consitutes would be radically different, I assume, notwithstanding the sociological consequences of becoming female. Human males and females are pretty different in their genetic makeup, given that an entire chromosome present in males is not present in females (and this doesn't even address the issue of expression). This brings us to the interesting fact that a lot of textbooks quote: chimpanzees and humans have DNA which is more than 99% identical. I wonder what the basis of their comparison is, but I digress†¦ A few decades ago, the above sort of thinking would've been mere speculation. Existentially speaking, we are prisoners of our bodies and this sucks. But we humans, being the creatures with superior intellect (yeah, right), have taken control of our environments and now it is possible to reasonably answer some of the questions I ask above in a physical sense. I read an article (parts of which are reproduced here without permission) about this dude who underwent a sex-change operation to be female because he wanted to be a lesbian. He was considered a womaniser, but he really identified with girls and expressed his sexuality by cross-dressing, etc. But after a while he began the process of change. He took females hormones—the most effective blend being premarin, derived from the urine of a pregnant mare—-to produce breasts, greater sub-surface fat, diminished muscle mass and less skin oil than a man normallly secretes. However, hormone treatments cannot shrink the Adam's apple, alter the hips, or raise the voice; male vocal chords are irreversibly developed by adolescence. He also underwent a lot of sartorial changes as well. Finally the irreversible operation known as â€Å"neo-colporrhaphy†, or â€Å"new vagina†, was performed on him. Contrary to popular myth, this two-and-a-half-hour surgery does not involve the penis being cut off. It is instead emptied of its spongy tissue and, like the finger of a rubber glove, turned inside out. The skin of the penis is gently pushed into a cavity formed by separating the lower abdominal muscle fibres, and this inside-out formation becomes the vaginal lining. The scrotum is used to create the frontal lips of the vagina; some of the skin at the base of the inverted penis can be surgically sculpted to look like a clitoris. Enough of the urethra is preserved from the penis to tunnel it under the tissue and place it in the female position. (There was a reasonable discussion during the Beer Social here regarding the logistics of such an operation—in particular the issue of providing lubrication was thought important. ) According to John Money, a professor emeritus at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, who's an expert on this procedure (I can see a lot of demand for it): â€Å"The majority of transsexuals no longer have the spasmodic sensation that comes from squirting out semen. They have, instead, more of a spreading glow that is very satisfactory indeed. † This dude (now dudette) is also married with kids and they still call her â€Å"daddy†. She and her wife get along very well and they find the relationship physically very satisfying. While I share a lot of the philosophy that prompted him to become a transvestite, I doubt if I would undergo such an operation. Perhaps if technology advances so that it can be done in a â€Å"perfect† way, but approaches like this somehow don't grab me. This isn't the only way to go. If you're female, you might contemplate becoming male. I read a while ago about how a female had an operation to have a penis implant. Such physical moves seem very drastic to me, even given what I said earlier about sexual energy driving us. Is the artificial physical change necessary in order to experience a female (or male) existence? While the reason for contemplating what it is to be female is mostly curiousity, it might have to do with my nurture as well. It is said that transsexuals are unhappy with their identities and that they seek an out, but will a physical transformation help them? Shouldn't reconcilation of one's identity with one's self, and transcendence of that identity beyond societal norms, be enough? If you are Cartesian (and to some extent I am), it should be. Maybe Freud was completely off about the Oedipus complex—maybe it's something akin to the Penis Envy thing he proposed—there's some sort of a Vagina Envy among males. Thanks to modern science, this envy can be sated. The surgery costs about $11,000. If you include other plastic surgery such as a nose job and breast implants, the total cost is about $25,000. Now to raise some money†¦

Essay On No Child Left Behind Act - 1247 Words

In 2004, coinciding with the conclusion of President George W. Bush’s first term in office, United States Secretary of Education, Rod Paige, released an essay depicting the successes of his administration. Paige’s department spearheaded the initiative sparked by the No Child Left Behind Act, a set of policies enacted to reform education and provide students with an improved degree of learning more suited to the evolving job market. Paige brings light to the findings of his administration, presenting what he considers to be evidence explicitly showing the successful nature of these programs. Through numerous faults with his argumentation and reasoning, however, Paige’s opinion on the outcome of said policies is highly debatable. To judge†¦show more content†¦With standard grading processes on the school level, motivation for sufficient learning is advancement and graduation from that educational branch. Except in cases of completely deteriorated motivatio n from the student, typically culminating in said student dropping out on their own accord, this incentive to complete the curriculum typically maintains student motivation. The shortsightedness of such testing is the assumption of a unified degree of student motivation, especially at the high school level (Forte, 2010). Standardized tests administered to student at this age group are frequently low pressure and low stake. Because the tests pose far less consequence to the student, and motivation for students can occur on such a wide spectrum, test results become far less uniform than expected (Ryan, Ryan, Arbuthnot, Samuels, 2007). When applied to a common, realistic scenario, the model begins to break down. For example, an unmotivated student would characteristically perform poorly on a test. When the scores are returned, however, the school is still expected to facilitate this student’s learning in order to resolve the previous score, following the trend of school culpabi lity. Due to differing degrees of motivation, the test results therefore possess a significant potential for ambiguous validity, which subsequently requires filtering of test results to stabilize the statistics (Wise, Wise, Bhola, 2006). To filterShow MoreRelatedNo Child Left Behind Act Essay1166 Words   |  5 Pages1. Definition of the Policy The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) signed into law by President George W. Bush on January 8, 2002, is a comprehensive overhaul of the federal governments requirements of state and local education systems (www.nclb.gov). It reauthorizes the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 and replaces the 1994 Improving Americas Schools Act. 2. General Background Information President Bush has made education his number one domestic priority (www.ed.gov). OnRead MoreEssay on The No Child Left Behind Act953 Words   |  4 Pagesare being left behind† (www.ed.gov). The â€Å"No Child Left Behind† Act expands the federal government’s role in elementary and secondary education. The NCLB act was enacted January 8, 2002, and has four reform principles to the act: Accountability, flexibility, Researched-based reforms and parental options. Accountability begins with informed parents, communities and elected leaders so we can work together to improve schools. The states will measure the progress by testing every child in grades 3Read MoreNo Child Left Behind Act Essay642 Words   |  3 PagesNo Child Left Behind Act Making the NCLB Act effective is quite a chore for the federal and state legislation. The positive influences for the act are quite controversial. Accountability standards are set and measured on a yearly basis by each individual state. The educator’s qualifications and standards are also state and federally mandated. Reading, math and writing are the key academic subjects that are measured. The goal is to close the gap among race, socioeconomic groups, and disabledRead MoreEssay On No Child Left Behind Act822 Words   |  4 Pagesof Nation at Risk in 1983, and the enactment of new federal law, the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) by President Lyndon B Johnson in 1965 all emphasized or established high standards and accountability within the nation’s education system. In 2002, Congress amended ESEA into the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). This act reauthorized the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, affecting education from kindergarten through high school for over a decade. NCLB calls for increased accountabilityRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Act Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pages The No Child Left Behind Act was based on the Elementary Secondary Education Act of 1965. The act was established based on the promise of Thomas Jefferson to create a free public education system in Virginia (Hammond, Kohn, Meier, Sizer Wood, 2004). The act is now reauthorized as the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. The purpose of the No Child Left Behind Act was to make sure that children were given a fair, quality education. The act set out to close the achievement gaps in educationRead MoreEssay On No Child Left Behind Act1303 Words   |  6 PagesNo Child Left Behind Children are the future of this world. In an ideal universe, every child would have the intelligence and skills to become a doctor or lawyer; instead, we live in a world in which intelligence and skills are, across the board, different and unique in every student. In an attempt to create a common ground of intelligence throughout all students, the Bush administration passed the No Child Left Behind Act. Under this act, expectations were created for schools to produce a specificRead MoreEssay on No Child Left Behind Act3562 Words   |  15 PagesThe No Child Left Behind Act Alexis Cross His 324 Dr. Stephan Law February 20, 2010 No Child Left Behind Outline: 1. Introduction a. What I will be writing about b. Why I chose my topic c. What will be covered 2. The NCLB Act d. How it came to be e. What was proposed f. How it has been enacted 3. The NCLB Act g. Arguments in favor of h. Arguments against 4. Statistics i. How the NCLB Act has had a positive impactRead More No Child Left Behind Act Essay1247 Words   |  5 Pages No Child Left Behind Act President Bush quoted, â€Å"Clearly, our children are our future†¦Too many of our neediest children are being left behind† (www.ed.gov). The â€Å"No Child Left Behind† Act expands the federal government’s role in elementary and secondary education. The NCLB emphasizes accountability and abiding by policies set by the federal government. This law sets strict requirements and deadlines for states to expand the scope and frequency of student testing, restore their accountabilityRead MoreEssay on The No Child Left Behind Act1440 Words   |  6 PagesInitiated in 2002, the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2001 intended to prevent the academic failures of educational institutions and individual students, as well as bridge achievement gaps between students. This act supports the basic standards of education reform across America; desiring to improve the learning outcomes of America’s youth. No Child Left Behind has left many to criticize the outcomes of the Act itself. Questions have risen concerning the effectiveness of NCLB, as well as theRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Act Essay710 Words   |  3 PagesThe No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, President George W. Bushs education reform bill, was signed into law on Jan. 8, 2002. The No Child Left Behind Act says that states will develop and apply challenging academic standards in reading and math. It will also set annual progress objectives to make sure that all groups of students reach proficiency within 12 years. And the act also says that children will be tested annually in grades 3 through 8, in reading and math to measure their progress.

The Consolidation of Fidel Castro’s Power Between 1959...

Castro and his 26th of July Movement took over Cuba’s streets in January 1959. Though Castro’s charismatic and vibrant personality quickly won him astonishing support, he knew that he had to consolidate his political power by ensuring the trust of the population. The consolidation of Fidel Castro’s power between 1959 and1961 was more of a result of domestic issues rather than United States economic policies. In order, to consolidate power, it was known that the reminder of the revolutionary groups that were involved in the fight against Batista had to be quickly eliminated, so as not to challenge his political ambitions. The revolutionaries brought many of Batista’s prominent military and civilian leaders before trial which were†¦show more content†¦Castro was prepared to eliminate key members of the party for the sake of reinforcing his own power. Thus by July Castro had effectively taken over as leader of Cuba where the nationalist reformers of the government were replaced by his more radical colleagues for example Che Guevara replaced Felipe Pazos. Additionally, Castro argued that elections would interfere with the priorities of new Cuba i.e. full employment, expended health care, extended education and the need to create a new political consciousness among the people. (Leonard). Additionally, Castro’s introduction of land reforms led to an increased support among the Cuban masses whereby making him immensely popular. During the first nine months of 1959 an estimated 1,500 decrees, laws and edicts were enacted. The most change though came with the passing of the Agrarian Reform Act in May 1959 which stated all real estate holdings were restricted in size (1000 acres except for sugar, rice and livestock farms) and the land that exceeded the limits established by the government was nationalized. Most historians assert that this action increased Castro’s support by the masses thereby giving him power. However, Pà ©rez-Stable states

When We Read Capital Volume I By Karl Marx, It Can Certainly

When we read Capital Volume I by Karl Marx, it can certainly seem as though Marx was promoting an individuality in the worker and claiming the way people in a capitalist society behave is unnatural due to being constricted to the system of capitalism. This unnatural system then leads the worker and the capitalist to act in certain ways contrary to what is natural, this leading to an exploitative relationship between the two. However, this view of Marx’s belief neglects the fact that Marx himself equated the worker with economic categories, which are owned and controlled by industrialists and business owners. By exploring how Marx made it abundantly clear that â€Å"(The capitalist) proceeds to consume the commodity, the labour-power he has†¦show more content†¦The problem with those assumptions is that it fails to take into account how Marx consistently diminished the worker and dropped him to the level of a commodity. He makes this clear when he states, â€Å"à ¢â‚¬Å"(The capitalist) proceeds to consume the commodity, the labour-power he has just bought.† In this sentence, Marx is explicitly stating how the workers are not individuals, rather â€Å"commodities† that are used by their owners. According to the New Oxford American dictionary a commodity is, â€Å"A raw material or primary agricultural product.† With that definition in mind, if Marx wanted to humanize the worker, why would he ever describe them as a tool for the capitalists to use whenever and however they wanted? In addition to that, he states that when a capitalist buys the labor of a worker, the capitalist has the right to use him and his power in any way he wants just like, â€Å"a horse he had horse for the day.† It just shows that ultimately, Marx looked at the work as a vulnerable good, in an economic category, that could be used by its owner rather than an individual person. Furthermore, if Marx truly felt that the worker was not just a tool of the capitalist and actually a individual, he would not have stressed that once a worker enters the workplace, he is essentially owned by his employer. Specifically, he stated that, â€Å"From the instant he (worker) steps into theShow MoreRelatedThe Rise and Fall of Class in Britain9826 Words   |  40 Pagesall politicians. Yet it is also ironic (or mistaken), because it remains a generally held belief, not just in Britain but around the world, that class, like the weather and the monarchy, is a peculiarly and particularly British preoccupation. It certainly has been in recent years at 10 Downing Street. For was it not John Major who declared, shortly before becoming prime minister in November 1990 and in a phrase that has continued to resonate ever since, that his aim was to bring about what he calledRead More The Bourgeois Social Class in Chaucers Canterbury Tales Essay5130 Words   |  21 Pagesparalyzed London in 1381. If we accept the CT as a portrayal of Chaucers society (regardless of its accuracy or intent), we must also recognize and explore the obvious and distinct ideological contradictions that pervade his text; for Chaucers attack on the more conspicuous societal ills cannot be interpreted as sincere if there exists, at any level, an endorsement for ideologies that oppress the lower classes and destroy their ability to resist exploitation. We cannot read the CT as an honest criticismRead MoreCommunist Leaders of the 20th Century5824 Words   |  24 Pagesbecoming a revolutionary leader. Lenin was only a teen when he lost his father to a brain hemorrhage. 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